Apothecary
Click on the letter to browse herbs and spices:
A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T – V – W – X – Y – Z
A
Ajwain, carom seeds (Trachyspermum ammi) (South Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Eritrea & Ethiopia)
Akudjura (Solanum centrale) (Australia)
Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum)
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria), for red color
Alligator pepper, mbongo spice (mbongochobi), hepper pepper (Aframomum danielli, A. citratum, A. exscapum) (West Africa)
Allspice (Pimenta dioica)
Common Uses:Air Fresheners * Culinary *
Air Fresheners * Culinary *
Properties: Analgesic* Antibacterial* Antioxidant* Aromatic* Digestive* Muscle Relaxant* Warm*
Allspice is also reported to provide relief for indigestion and gas.
Parts Used: Ripe and unripe fruits, essential oil extracted from leaves
Constituents: essential oil: eugenol, eugenol methyl ether, myrcene, 1,8-cineol, and alpha-phellandrene
AllSpice : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Allspice, also known as pimento or Jamaica pepper, gets its name because it tastes like a combination of cloves, juniper berries, cinnamon and pepper. Allspice is an aromatic, digestive stimulant commonly used in cooking and baking.
The oil has a warm, spicy-sweet aroma. that belies the activating (even potentially irritating) effects on the skin. But when used in tiny amounts (1 drop/teaspoon of carrier oil), it can alleviate stiff and tired muscles and joints. The principle oil extracted from allspice is eugenol, the same oil extracted from cloves. The familiar, clove-like aroma is comforting, lifting the spirit and inspiring confidence. It is used in spicy or masculine scents. It combines well with orange, ginger, patchouli and all of the spice oils including cinnamon, cassia and clove.
The oil has a warm, spicy-sweet aroma. that belies the activating (even potentially irritating) effects on the skin. But when used in tiny amounts (1 drop/teaspoon of carrier oil), it can alleviate stiff and tired muscles and joints. The principle oil extracted from allspice is eugenol, the same oil extracted from cloves. The familiar, clove-like aroma is comforting, lifting the spirit and inspiring confidence. It is used in spicy or masculine scents. It combines well with orange, ginger, patchouli and all of the spice oils including cinnamon, cassia and clove.
How to Use: AllSpice
- Preparation Methods & Dosage :Adding allspice to foods aids in digestion. Use the essential oil in aroma lamps – the oil has a warm, spicy-sweet aroma that can uplift spirits and improve appetite.
- Allspice is one of the most important ingredients of Caribbean cuisine.
- Allspice has also been used as a deodorant.
- Allspice is also reported to provide relief for indigestion and gas.
Allspice Remedies List
Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
Common Uses:Asthma * Colds * Congestion * Cramps * Culinary * Digestion * IBS * Lice * Pet * Scabies *
Asthma * Colds * Congestion * Cramps * Culinary * Digestion * IBS * Lice * Pet * Scabies *
Properties: Abortifacient* Anodyne* Antibacterial* Aphrodisiac* Aromatic* Cancer* Carminative* Diaphoretic/sudorific* Diuretic* Expectorant* Galactagogue* Nervine* Stimulant* Stomachic* Stomachic* Tonic*
Parts Used: Seeds, essential oil
Constituents: choline, sugar, mucilage. the essential oil contains upto 90 percent anethol.
Anise Seed : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Anise has been a popular remedy here in North America for hundreds of years as carminative (relief of gas pains),colic, rheumatism, and of course in the famous licorice tasting cough drops.
The therapeutic powers of anise’s phytochemicals, including creosol and alpapinene, are commonly used in herbal remedies to break up congestion, and ease coughing . Anise is an expectorant that is also antiseptic to the mucous membranes. This means that anise helps to kill germs while it helps to clear the lungs of congestion.
Another important chemical constituent of anise is anethol, which has estrogenic properties that help to increase milk in nursing mothers, promote menstruation, and help prepare the body for childbirth. These hormonal actions may be the reason behind anise’s ancient reputation as an aphrodisiac.
HOW TO USE ANISE SEED:
Preparation Methods & Dosage :Sweet and very aromatic, anise can be used in tea, or in baking and cooking, the taste compliments cookies, cakes, and pasta dishes. Anise seed gives the Greek liqueur ouzo it’s distinctive licorice taste. Star anise is found in many traditional Chinese and Japanese recipes for food and medicine. It is used for similar purposes as sweet anise, but is considered to be drying and warming.
Asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida)
Properties: Abortifacient* Antispasmodic* Expectorant* Nervine* Vermifuge*
Parts Used: Resin from roots
Asafoetida : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Asafoetida is useful as a digestive spice that has the additional benefit of lowering cholesterol and reducing gas. The pungent oil can be using to repel insects. Asafoetida was one of the most commonly prescribed herbs in the 19th century in the treatment of hysteria and for many symptoms associated with mood swings and depression.
According to ayurvedic medicine, asafoetida, or hing is a valuable spice and remedy for nervous disorders, colic, bowel spasms, and for spasmodic coughing due to whooping cough, pneumonia, and bronchitis. It is also regarded as an effective remedy for worms and other intestinal parasites.
How To Use:
Preparation Methods & Dosage :Traditionally used as powder or tincture. The pale yellow or orange-yellow essential oil, occasionally used in aromatherapy in place of garlic, is not a substitute. Used in the Ayurvedic formula Unmadnashak Ghrita, cardamom, along with brahmi, gardenia, asafetida, and ghee.
B
Basil
Common Uses:Culinary * Facial Care * Insect Bites * Insect Repellent * Memory * Tonic * Warts *
Properties: Antifungal* Antioxidant* Antispasmodic* Aromatic* Carminative* Cephalic* Diaphoretic/sudorific* Digestive* emetic* Emmenagogue* Expectorant* Febrifuge* Galactagogue* Nervine* Refrigerant* Stimulant* Stomachic*
Parts Used: leaves, essential oil
Constituents: camphor, cineole, estragol, (or methyl chavicol),eugenol, linalool, pinene, rosemarnic acid
Basil : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Basil is one of the best loved culinary herbs for good reason. Basil improves appetite and like other herbs in the mint family it settles the stomach, improves appetite and is a natural disinfectant. Basil is known for its many varieties, many with distinct aromas that come from different qualities in their essential oils contained in the leaves. The strong clove scent of sweet basil comes from eugenol, the citrus scent of lemon basil and lime basil comes from a higher portion of the aldehyde citral and limonene, which gives actual lemon peel its scent. African blue basil has a strong camphor smell because it has camphor and camphene in higher proportions. Anise basil contains anethole, the same chemical that makes anise smell like licorice, and in fact is sometimes called anise basil. All basils are antibacterial and act as good insect repellents, and as Culpepper noted, “Being applied to the place bitten by venomous beasts, or stung by a wasp or hornet, it speedily draws the poison to it”
Basil, Ocimum sanctum, was originally a native plant of India and its use only spread outwards to Europe and the West in the sixteenth century. Ocimum sanctum, or Tulsi as it is known in Hindu, is used in traditional in religious ceremonies and in ayurvedic medicine for common colds, headaches, stomach disorders, inflammation, heart disease, various forms of poisoning, and malaria.
Whatever culinary delight you are planning, be it pesto or a simple tomato and basil sandwich, the burst of aroma that emanates from fresh basil has an almost magical ability to make you feel happy for no apparent reason. A pot of basil growing in the kitchen window will not only provide zest to winter dishes, it will inspire dreams of spring during the cold, dreary days of winter.
How To Use:
Preparation Methods & Dosage :The uses of basil are limited only by your imagination. The fresh picked leaves make a stimulating and refreshing tea, and in the summer use them on sandwiches just as you would a leaf of lettuce. Crush the leaves and rub a bit on your skin to make a handy remedy for insect bites when you are out tending to the summer garden. To remove a wart, rub basil leaves on the nub daily and cover with a bandage Diffuse basil essential oil in an aroma lamp to lift depression and clear the air in a stuffy room.
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Basil Remedies List |
Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis)
Common Uses:Bruises * Dental/Oral Care * Headache * Pain Relief *
Bruises * Dental/Oral Care * Headache * Pain Relief *
Properties: Analgesic* Aromatic* Bitter* emetic* Emmenagogue* Nervine* Stimulant*
Parts Used: Leaves, fruit, oil
Constituents: the volatile oil contains pinene, geraniol, eugenol, cineol,
Bay Laurel : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
About: Bay laurel wreathes once crowned the heads of ancient heroes and the Delphic priestesses used bay leaves to make their predictions. Today bay laurel is best known as fragrant culinary herb often used to flavor soups, and stews in Mediterranean cuisine, but bay is good kitchen medicine too.
Oil of bay, the fixed oil expressed from the berries, is used to treat arthritic aches and pains, lower back pain, earaches, headaches and sore muscles and sprains. Bay leaves are the source of an essential oil with the same analgesic and warming properties. Bay laurel contains parthenolides, the same chemical in feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) that is thought to prevent migraine headaches.
How to Use: Bay Laurel
Preparation Methods & Dosage :Bay laurel leaves are dried and used in cooking, mainly to flavor meats and stews. Bay leaves can be taken in tea, used in herbal baths, and infused in oil. The leaves are the source of the distilled essential oil. Bay laurel oil is used topically to relieve pain.
Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum)
Common Uses:Colds * Cough * Culinary * Digestion * Flu * Gout * IBS * Lupus * Memory * Nausea * Pain Relief * Rheumatoid_arthritis *
Colds * Cough * Culinary * Digestion * Flu * Gout * IBS * Lupus * Memory * Nausea * Pain Relief * Rheumatoid_arthritis *
Properties: Antioxidant* Antispasmodic* Aphrodisiac* Aromatic* Cancer* Carminative* Circulation* Digestive* Diuretic* Febrifuge* Laxative* Muscle Relaxant* Rubefacient* Splenic* Stimulant* Stomachic* Warm*
Parts Used: dried peppercorns
Constituents: volatile essential oil containing the alkaloids piperine
Black Pepper : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Pepper is one of the oldest known spices, and was important enough to early medicine to be included in the Herbals of Dioscorides and Galen. The uses of black pepper go far beyond the kitchen where pepper stimulates the taste buds. Black pepper is stimulating to the digestive system, expectorates coughs, and helps to clear the lungs of congestion. Black pepper is added to turmeric and many other herbal formulations as an activator.
Long pepper, Piper longum , is known as pippali in India, the word pepper itself is derived from the Sanskrit word for long pepper, pippali. Pippali is valued in Ayurvedic medicine and foods for enhancing digestion and metabolism. It is combined with dried ginger and black pepper to form trikatu, which can be taken to help regulate cholesterol and help prevent obesity. It is also used to treat coughs, colds, fevers and rheumatism. Pippali has a folklore reputation as an aphrodisiac, and is believed to improve vitality.
In the Kitchen: Pepper stimulates the taste buds and helps to promote digestion. Whole peppercorns are used in pickling, marinades and stews, ground pepper adds it flavor in savory dishes. Keeping peppercorns whole, and grinding just when required keeps the flavor.
Ayurvedic Medicine Black pepper is an anti-kapha herb that burns up ama (toxins). Ayurvedic medicines use tiny amounts of black pepper to make the other herbs in the formula more available to the body.
How to Use: Black Pepper
Preparation Methods & Dosage : You can add a pinch of black pepper, or a few peppercorns to herbal teas, or to herbal formulas to increase the warmth of the blend. Use black pepper essential oil in warming massage oils. . One of the best ways to take black pepper in medicinal doses is in the traditional Trikatu formula where it is mixed with equal parts of dried ginger and long pepper then taken with a spoonful of honey.
Burdock Root (Arctium Lappa)
Common Uses:Acne * Cancer Prevention * Diabetes * Eczema * Pregnancy * Psoriasis *
Acne * Cancer Prevention * Diabetes * Eczema * Pregnancy * Psoriasis *
Properties: Antibacterial* Antifungal* Antiscrofulous* Cancer* Depurative* Hepatic* Hypoglycemic* Refrigerant*
Parts Used: Fresh or dried roots, leaves, seeds
Constituents: root: up to 50% inulin, polyacetylenes, volatile acids (acetic, proprionic, butyric, isovaleric), non-hydroxyl acids (lauric, myristic, stearic, palmitic), tannin, polyphenolic acids.
Burdock : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Burdock has an ancient and respected reputation as a nutritive liver tonic that helps to clean and build the blood, while its diuretic action of burdock helps in the elimination of waste materials. Taken internally, this root promotes sweating and urination.
The roots, leaves, and seeds of burdock can all be used, but in commercial preparations, you’ll most commonly find the root. Rich in minerals, this plant is used as a food by many cultures. Burdock helps to cleanse the body from the inside out and is most useful in those conditions that can be traced back to liver disorders or a general overload of toxins in the system.
In the Kitchen: Burdock is very popular in Asian cusine, both in Japan and China. The fresh root is skinned and sliced into thin rounds that are added to soups and stir-frys. Miso broth with burdock and other vegetables is a very popular soup in Japan. The young, tender leaves can be blanched and used as a salad vegetable in the spring.
Traditional Chinese Medicine In Chinese medicine, the dried seeds are used for colds, coughs, swelling in the throat, measles and boils.
How to Use: Burdock
Preparation Methods & Dosage :Simmer 1 tablespoon of dried root in 2 cups of water for 20 minutes. Drink up to 4 cups daily. Tea can also be used as a skin and face wash. Apply the cooled tea to the skin with a clean facecloth, and rinse in cool water. Burdock is also taken as a tincture and in extracts.
Brown mustard (Brassica juncea)
C
Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.)
Common Uses:Cholesterol * Cough * Eczema * Hypertension * Nutrition * Weight_loss *
Cholesterol * Cough * Eczema * Hypertension * Nutrition * Weight_loss *
Properties: Antioxidant* Aphrodisiac* Diuretic* Emmenagogue* Stimulant*
Parts Used: seeds
Constituents: caffeine, flavonoids, phenylethylalamine, anandamide, magnesium, sulfur, oleic acid, theobromine, tryptophan
Cacao : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Chocolate’s theobromine calms children’s coughs safely.
Chocolate is made from the fermented, roasted and ground beans taken from the pods of the tropical cacao tree. Cacao Theobroma, named for the Latin ‘food of the gods’, contains oleic acid which may raise good cholesterol.
There is plenty more good news for those of us who are chocolate lovers. Dark chocolate’s cacao content has been shown to have positive effects on mood swings, coughing, high blood pressureand even contains antibacterial agents that fight tooth decay. Chocolate contains stearic acid, which does not raise bad cholesterol levels, and cocoa butter which is in chocolate, contains oleic acid, which actually may raise good cholesterol.
There are over 350 known chemicals found in chocolate, including stimulants like caffeine, theobromine, phenylethylamine and anandamide. Theobromine, the alkaloid contained in the beans, resembles caffeine in its action, but its effect on the central nervous system is less powerful and does not have the sleep disturbing effects of caffeine. It may actually be a more effective cough medicine than traditional remedies making it a safe nightime calmer for children.
Phenylethylamine (PEA) is partly responsible for the “high” that you get from eating chocolate. PEA facilitates the release of dopamine a naturally occurring chemical into your body. The neurotransmitter anandamide, also found in chocolate is responsible for the prolonged pleasurable sensation of the previous mentioned PEA.
Chocolate – what women want!
Chocolate enjoys an reputation as an aphrodisiac, which may explain the tradition of chocolates and Valentines day. It’s interesting to note that most researchers claim that women prefer chocolate over sex. Cocoa Butter is an aromatic solid butter pressed from the roasted seeds of the Cacao tree brings a supple, luxurious feel to dry skin.
How to Use: Cacao
Preparation Methods & Dosage : Cacao beans can be used whole, broken into nibs, or ground into powder. The less processed the cacao beans, the more healthy benefits are retained. Products sold as cacao, rather than cocoa generally are more likely to have undergone less processing. The aromatic cacao butter that is extracted from the raw cacao during processing makes a great body butter. Cacao butter is usually combined with other oils in creams and body lotions to soften it.
Calabash nutmeg, ehuru (Monodora myristica) (West Africa)
Calendula, pot marigold (Calendula officinalis)
Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
Canelo, Winter’s Bark (Drimys winteri) (Chile and Argentina)
Caraway Seed (Carum carvi)
Common Uses:Bronchitis * Candida * Children * Culinary * Digestion * IBS *
Bronchitis * Candida * Children * Culinary * Digestion * IBS *
Properties: Analgesic* Antispasmodic* Aromatic* Cancer* Carminative* Digestive* Emmenagogue* Febrifuge* Galactagogue*
Parts Used: Seeds, Essential Oil
Constituents: essential oils, mostly carvone and limonene
Caraway : Medicinal Uses & Benefits
Caraway is best known as the crunchy seeds atop dark, rye bread, but this familar kitchen spice is also one of the best carminative herbs, those that prevent gas and bloating. Caraway is also a good remedy for colds and congestion, it contains mild antihistamines, antimicrobial compounds helps to relax the muscles that cause coughing spasms.
Caraway seeds are also used in a number of medicinal preparations for treating disorders such as rheumatism, eye infections and toothaches. Caraway seed oil is used in treating fungus infections as well, and is effective against candida infections. Caraway has been used with success in combination with peppermint oil in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
In the Kitchen: The roots may be boiled and treated like cooked parsnips or carrots. The young leaves can be used in salads or for seasoning soups and stews. The licorice flavored seeds give rye bread its characteristic taste but are also good in potato soup, cheese spreads, sauerkraut and salad dressings.
How to Use: Caraway
Preparation Methods & Dosage :Essential oil, infusions, tincture, or munch on seeds, sprinkle on baked goods
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
Common Uses:Bronchitis * Congestion * Culinary * Digestion * Memory * Nausea *
Bronchitis * Congestion * Culinary * Digestion * Memory * Nausea * Properties: Analgesic* Antispasmodic* Antispasmodic* Aphrodisiac* Aromatic* Cancer* Carminative* Cephalic* Digestive* Diuretic* Warm*
Parts Used: seed pods, essential oil
Constituents: volatile oil (3-6%, containing terpene and terpineol), cineol, starch, gum
Carob (Ceratonia siliqua)
Catnip (Nepeta cataria)
Cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum)
Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum) 
Common Uses:* Arthritis * Cardiovascular * Cough * Digestion * Fibromyalgia * Gout * Headache * Neuralgia * Pain Relief * Rheumatoid_arthritis
* Arthritis * Cardiovascular * Cough * Digestion * Fibromyalgia * Gout * Headache * Neuralgia * Pain Relief * Rheumatoid_arthritis Properties: Antibacterial* Antioxidant* Antiscorbutic* Antiscrofulous* Antispasmodic* Cancer* Carminative* Rubefacient* Styptic* Vasodilator*
Parts Used: Fruit, ripe and dried
Celery seed (Apium graveolens)
Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)
Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.)
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
Cicely, sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
Cilantro, coriander greens, coriander herb (Coriandrum sativum)
Cinnamon, Indonesian (Cinnamomum burmannii, Cassia vera)
Cinnamon, Saigon or Vietnamese (Cinnamomum loureiroi)
Cinnamon, true or Ceylon (Cinnamomum verum, C. zeylanicum)
Cinnamon, white (Canella winterana)
Cinnamon myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) (Australia)
Clary, Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
Coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum)
Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita)
Cuban oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus)
Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba)
Cudweed (Gnaphalium spp.) (Vietnam)
Culantro, culangot, long coriander (Eryngium foetidum)
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)
Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii)
Curry plant (Helichrysum italicum)
D
Dill seed (Anethum graveolens)
Dill herb or weed (Anethum graveolens)
E
Elderflower (Sambucus spp.)
Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides)
F
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Filé powder, gumbo filé (Sassafras albidum)
Fingerroot, krachai, temu kuntji (Boesenbergia rotunda)
G
Galangal, greater (Alpinia galanga)
Galangal, lesser (Alpinia officinarum)
Galingale (Cyperus spp.)
Garlic chives (Allium tuberosum)
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Garlic, elephant (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Ginger, torch, bunga siantan (Etlingera elatior) (Indonesia)
Golpar, Persian hogweed (Heracleum persicum) (Iran)
Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta)
Grains of Selim, Kani pepper (Xylopia aethiopica)
H
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
Houttuynia cordata (Vietnam)
Huacatay, Mexican marigold, mint marigold (Tagetes minuta)
Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
I
Indonesian bay leaf, daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum)
J
Jasmine flowers (Jasminum spp.)
Jimbu (Allium hypsistum) (Nepal)
Juniper berry (Juniperus communis)
K
Kaffir lime leaves, Makrud lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) (Southeast Asia)
Kala zeera (or kala jira), black cumin (Bunium persicum) (South Asia)
Kawakawa seeds (Macropiper excelsum) (New Zealand)
Kencur, galangal, kentjur (Kaempferia galanga)
Keluak, kluwak, kepayang (Pangium edule)
Kokam seed (Garcinia indica) (Indian confectionery)
Korarima, Ethiopian cardamom, false cardamom (Aframomum corrorima) (Eritrea)
Koseret leaves (Lippia adoensis) (Ethiopia)
L
Lavender (Lavandula spp.)
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other Cymbopogon spp.)
Lemon ironbark (Eucalyptus staigeriana) (Australia)
Lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) (Australia)
Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora)
Leptotes bicolor (Paraguay and southern Brazil)
Lesser calamint (Calamintha nepeta), nipitella, nepitella (Italy)
Licorice, liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Lime flower, linden flower (Tilia spp.)
Lovage (Levisticum officinale)
M
Mace (Myristica fragrans)
Mahlab, St. Lucie cherry (Prunus mahaleb)
Malabathrum, tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala)
Marjoram (Origanum majorana)
Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis)
Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus)
Mint (Mentha spp.) 25 species, hundreds of varieties
Mountain horopito (Pseudowintera colorata) (New Zealand)
Musk mallow, abelmosk (Abelmoschus moschatus)
Mustard, black, mustard plant, mustard seed (Brassica nigra)
Mustard, brown, mustard plant, mustard seed (Brassica juncea)
Mustard, white, mustard plant, mustard seed (Sinapis alba)
N
Nasturtium[disambiguation needed ] (Tropaeolum majus)
Nigella, kalonji, black caraway, black onion seed (Nigella sativa)
Njangsa, djansang (Ricinodendron heudelotii) (West Africa)
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)
O
Olida (Eucalyptus olida) (Australia)
Oregano (Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species)
Orris root (Iris germanica, I. florentina, I. pallida)
P
Pandan flower, kewra (Pandanus odoratissimus)
Pandan leaf, screwpine (Pandanus amaryllifolius)
Paprika (Capsicum annuum)
Paracress (Spilanthes acmella, Soleracea) (Brazil)
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
Pepper: black, white, and green (Piper nigrum)
Pepper, Dorrigo (Tasmannia stipitata) (Australia)
Pepper, long (Piper longum)
Pepper, mountain, Cornish pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata)
Peppermint (Mentha piperata)
Peppermint gum leaf (Eucalyptus dives)
Perilla, shiso (Perilla spp.)
Peruvian pepper (Schinus molle)
Pandanus amaryllifolius
Brazilian pepper or Pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius)
Q
Quassia (Quassia amara) (bitter spice in aperitifs and some beers and fortified wines)
R
Ramsons, wood garlic (Allium ursinum)
Rice paddy herb (Limnophila aromatica) (Vietnam)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
Rue (Ruta graveolens)
S
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), for yellow color
Saffron (Crocus sativus)
Sage (Salvia officinalis)
Saigon cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi)
Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor)
Salep (Orchis mascula)
Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
Savory, summer (Satureja hortensis)
Savory, winter (Satureja montana)
Silphium, silphion, laser, laserpicium, lasarpicium (Ancient Roman cuisine, Ancient Greek cuisine)
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
Sorrel, sheep (Rumex acetosella)
Spearmint (Mentha spicata)
Spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora or N. jatamansi)
Star anise (Illicium verum)
Sumac (Rhus coriaria)
Sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum)
Szechuan pepper, Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum)
T
Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
Thyme, lemon (Thymus × citriodorus)
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
V
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)
Vietnamese balm (Elsholtzia ciliata)
Vietnamese cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi)
Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata)
Voatsiperifery (Piper borbonense)
W
Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)
Water-pepper, smartweed (Polygonum hydropiper)
Watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquatica)
Wattleseed (from about 120 spp. of Australian Acacia)
White mustard (Sinapis alba)
Wild betel (Piper sarmentosum) (Southeast Asia)
Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum)
Willow herb (Epilobium parviflorum)
Winter savory (Satureja montana)
Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)
Wood avens, herb bennet (Geum urbanum)
Woodruff (Galium odoratum)
Wormwood, absinthe (Artemisia absinthium)
Y
Yellow mustard (Brassica hirta = Sinapis alba)
Yerba buena, any of four different species, many unrelated
Z
Za’atar (herbs from the genera Origanum, Calamintha, Thymus, and Satureja)
Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria)
